Venezuela - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 7. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north- east. Venezuela covers 9.

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The country has extremely high biodiversity (ranked 7th in the world's list of nations with the most number of species). In 1. 81. 1, it became one of the first Spanish- American colonies to declare independence, which was not securely established until 1. Venezuela was a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia. It gained full independence as a separate country in 1. During the 1. 9th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional caudillos (military strongmen) until the mid- 2. Since 1. 95. 8, the country has had a series of democratic governments.

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Economic shocks in the 1. Caracazo riots of 1.

President Carlos Andr. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1. Hugo Ch. This new constitution officially changed the name of the country to Rep.

Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, a 1. Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamaci. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1. 98. 0s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long- running economic crisis, in which inflation peaked at 1. GDP fell to the same level as 1.

The recovery of oil prices in the early 2. Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1. The Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. The stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola . The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix- uela is used as a diminutive term (e.

The German language 1. Klein- Venedig, also means little Venice (literally . In his work Summa de geograf. Thus, the name . In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina (Caribs), Auak.

The Timoto- Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre- Columbian Venezuela; with pre- planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and ullucos. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the arepa, a staple in Venezuelan cuisine. After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of new infectious diseases from Europe.

Two main north- south axes of pre- Columbian population were present, who cultivated maize in the west and manioc in the east. Large parts of the llanos were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture. Colonization. Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward, Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached Heaven on Earth (terrestrial paradise): Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise, for the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and wise theologians whom I have mentioned. And likewise, the . In the 1. 6th century, Venezuela was contracted as a concession by the King of Spain to the German Welser banking family (Klein- Venedig, 1. Native caciques (leaders) such as Guaicaipuro (circa 1. Tamanaco (died 1.

Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them; Tamanaco was put to death by order of Caracas' founder, Diego de Losada. Some of the resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas, Chacao, and Los Teques. The early colonial settlements focused on the northern coast, but in the mid- 1.

Spanish pushed farther inland along the Orinoco River. French English Online Dating on this page. Here, the Ye'kuana (then known as the Makiritare) organized serious resistance in 1. Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into New Andalusia Province. Administered by the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo from the early 1.

Venezuela became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 1. Captaincy General starting in 1. The town of Caracas, founded in the central coastal region in 1. La Guaira whilst itself being located in a valley in a mountain range, providing defensive strength against pirates and a more fertile and healthy climate. Independence and 1.

A devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in 1. Venezuelan llaneros, helped bring down the first Venezuelan republic. A second Venezuelan republic, proclaimed on 7 August 1.

On 2. 4 July 1. 82. Jos. Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1. P. This culminated in the Federal War (1. In the latter half of the century, Antonio Guzm. The dispute became a diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist William L.

Scruggs sought to argue that British behavior over the issue violated the United States' Monroe Doctrine of 1. Washington, D. C., to pursue the matter. Then, US President Grover Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies, but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere.

Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in negotiations over its terms was able to persuade the US on many of the details. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1. British Guiana. Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts, and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's civil wars. This led to the Venezuela Crisis of 1. Britain, Germany, and Italy imposed a naval blockade of several months, before international arbitration at the new Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague was agreed. In 1. 90. 8, another dispute broke out with the Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente G.

It prompted an economic boom that lasted into the 1. Venezuela's per capita gross domestic product was Latin America's highest. The gomecista dictatorship system largely continued under Eleazar L. After World War II, immigration from Southern Europe (mainly from Spain, Italy, Portugal, and France) and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society. R. Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by Marcos P.

When the junta unexpectedly lost the election it held in 1. P. Democratic Action and COPEI would dominate the political landscape for four decades. In the 1. 96. 0s, substantial guerilla movements occurred, including the Armed Forces of National Liberation and the Revolutionary Left Movement, which had split from Democratic Action in 1. Most of these movements laid down their arms under Rafael Caldera's presidency (1.

Caldera had won the 1. COPEI, being the first time a party other than Democratic Action took the presidency through a democratic election. The election of Carlos Andr. This led to massive increases in public spending, but also increases in external debts, which continued into the 1. Venezuelan economy. As the government started to devalue the currency in February 1. Venezuelans' real standards of living fell dramatically.

A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability. Coup leader Hugo Ch. According to Ch. They interpret Bol. The strike produced severe economic dislocation, with the country's GDP falling 2. In the subsequent decade, the government was forced into several currency devaluations. He was elected for another term in December 2. October 2. 01. 2.

However, he was never sworn in for his third period, due to medical complications. Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2. This led to an increase in malnutrition, especially among children. The Democratic Unity Roundtable contested his election as fraud, and as a violation of the constitution. Sex Dating In Salem Michigan on this page.

However, the Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that under Venezuela's Constitution, Nicol. The decree could force citizens to work in agricultural fields and farms for 6. There have been close to 2. Venezuela in 2. 01. Venezuela's top court had already overturned most National Assembly decisions since the opposition win. Then late on Wednesday, it explicitly stated it was assuming Congress' role in a ruling authorizing Maduro to create oil joint ventures without the previously mandated congressional approval.

It has a total area of 9. The territory it controls lies between latitudes 0.

Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well- defined topographical regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east- west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the Guiana Highlands in the southeast. The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall, as well as tepuis, large table- like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the llanos, which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east. The Orinoco, with its rich alluvial soils, binds the largest and most important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America.

Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Cura. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana (formerly United Kingdom), largely concerning the Essequibo area, and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela.