HIV/AIDS - Wikipedia. This article is about the disease. For the virus, see HIV. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common infectious diseases with overlapping symptoms.

Thus, it is recommended that HIV be considered in people presenting an unexplained fever who may have risk factors for the infection. They represent approximately 1 in 3. As of 2. 01. 4, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among men who had sex with men, with this population accounting for 6. The risk from sharing a needle during drug injection is between 0. In 2. 00. 7, between 1. Treatment decreases this risk to 1 to 2% per year.

Update- May 15,2015- 1:55 p.m.: Former college wrestler, Michael Johnson who is believed to have infected over 30 people with HIV, faces life in prison. A study that looks at the genetic makeup of archived samples of drug-resistant HIV in the UK has found evidence that some drug-resistant strains of HIV are very long. Gaydar - The Premier Gay Dating Site. Home To Millions of Men. Gaydar is free to cruise, chat and search. With millions of members and photo profiles from over 140.

Due to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either: (1) the mother and baby being treated with antiretroviral medication while breastfeeding being continued (2) the provision of safe formula. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long- duration illnesses with a long incubation period.

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Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNAgenome is converted (reverse transcribed) into double- stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co- factors. HIV- 1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV- III).

It is more virulent, more infective. The lower infectivity of HIV- 2 as compared with HIV- 1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV- 2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV- 2 is largely confined to West Africa. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.

The acute viremia is almost invariably associated with activation of CD8+ T cells, which kill HIV- infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion. The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover. A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.

This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers. CD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected.

It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of disease. Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource- restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. Despite their differences, the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes.

A CD4 count of less than 5. A CD4 count of less than 2. Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which slows progression of the disease. The World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than 5 years of age; children above 5 are treated like adults. In addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.

Some evidence has shown a benefit from micronutrient supplements. In 2. 01. 0, an estimated 6. HIV cases and 6. 6% of all deaths (1. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2.

Americans were unaware of their infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.

Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV- III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the lymph nodes of the neck and physical weakness, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV- I.

Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy- associated virus (LAV). It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV- 1 M group dates back to circa 1. Early 1. 90. 0s colonial cities were notable due to their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1. Kinshasa were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1. By 1. 96. 2, Haitians made up the second largest group of well- educated experts (out of the 4.

By 1. 97. 8, the prevalence of HIV- 1 among homosexual male residents of New York City and San Francisco was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected. They will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care. It is estimated that as of 2. AIDS orphans. Unemployment in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with suicidal ideation, memory problems, and social isolation; employment increases self- esteem, sense of dignity, confidence, and quality of life. A 2. 01. 5 Cochrane review found low- quality evidence that antiretroviral treatment helps people with HIV/AIDS work more, and increases the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed. This causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay and caring for AIDS orphans.

This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility and blame from the family to the government in caring for these orphans. This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment. In 2. 01. 1, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the Hackney- based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to a number of deaths. He had been diagnosed during 1.

He was diagnosed as HIV positive on August 3. Further tests within 2. Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1. LIFE magazine said the photo became the one image . By 2. 00. 3 seven had contracted HIV, and two died from complications related to AIDS.

Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure. Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS. In 2. 01. 4, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (1. Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS.

Surveys show that a significant number of people believed – and continue to believe – in such claims. This research includes behavioral health interventions such as sex education, and drug development, such as research into microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV vaccines, and antiretroviral drugs. Other medical research areas include the topics of pre- exposure prophylaxis, post- exposure prophylaxis, and circumcision and HIV.

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