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Metals & Mining. In the Bible. Six metals are mentioned in the Bible and in many passages they are listed in the same order: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead. Antimony is also mentioned. The metals are referred to in various contexts, including methods of mining, metallurgical processes of extracting the metal, and preparing finished products.
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The strategic and economic importance of metals and of metal craftsmen is stressed. The prophets employ figures of speech based on the properties of metals and the stages of their treatment. These metals have been uncovered in excavations in Ere. At Tell Jemmeh, Tell Kasila, Timnah, and other sites, furnaces for smelting iron and copper have been found dating from different periods. The only explicit biblical reference to a foundry is to that of King Solomon . Utensils for smelting are mentioned mainly as metaphors – . Isaiah speaks of refining silver in a furnace (Isa.
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Proverbs (2. 7: 2. Ezekiel compares Israel with the process of refining metals: . The prophet was apparently well acquainted with the technical process of refining and smelting silver, and describes how silver is extracted from its ores by means of bellows, leaving slag behind. The working of metals was executed by special smiths and craftsmen, the first of whom was .
The Bible speaks of the high qualifications necessary for the specialized metalwork of the Tabernacle: . Solomon was forced to bring the craftsman Hiram from Tyre to work in copper (I Kings 7: 1. The Bible describes the Philistine monopoly of metalsmiths and their strategic importance: . The great importance attributed by Nebuchadnezzar to craftsmen and smiths is evident in his deporting them from Jerusalem together with Jehoiachin's army to prevent a possible revolt (II Kings 2. The methods of working metal after its extraction varied according to the type of metal and the use to which it was put: casting, hammering, gilding, preparing metal, wires, etc. GOLD (Heb. It is extracted from the earth by a process of collecting and washing.
Specialized goldsmiths employed two methods in working gold. The first consisted of beating it with a hammer into very thin sheets which was possible because of the gold's softness. The sheets were used for, among other things, gilding, and also for making gold wire: . The second method consisted of melting the gold and then casting it (Ex. In the process of melting, the gold was also refined; refined gold, which was necessary for certain purposes (I Chron. In various biblical passages words are mentioned that are explained as synonyms of gold: segor (Job 2. Ps. In addition, there are adjectives describing gold, some of which may designate types of gold.
The various kinds of gold mentioned in the Bible are summarized in the Talmud (Yoma 4. Ophir (I Kings 1. Parvaim (II Chron. Scholars do not agree as to the identification of most of these places but in all probability they include the countries in which gold mines were located in the biblical period: Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and India.
Among the places cited is the . Sudan, northwest Ethiopia, or in the southern Sinai Peninsula. The location of Sheba (I Kings 1. Sabea ); some scholars place it in Ethiopia and others consider it the name of one of the regions or tribes in southern Arabia. Ophir, which was reached by ships from Ezion- Geber (I Kings 9: 2.
Josephus with India, but, like Havilah and Sheba, it has also been located in Saudi Arabia. Uphaz has not been identified (Jer. Arabia or an adjective describing gold as in the talmudic explanation mentioned above.
As early as the patriarchal period, gold was used for manufacturing jewelry and fine vessels (Gen. Gold was a symbol of wealth and position and served as capital but not as a means of payment. Silver served as currency, but gold bullion as payment is mentioned only once in the Bible: . I Kings 1. 5: 1. 9; Ezra 8: 2. The Mishnah explains that . At the time of the Exodus from Egypt, the Israelite women borrowed from their neighbors . Aaron broke off golden earrings to make the golden calf (ibid.
The fullest descriptions of the use of gold are found in the accounts of the building of the Tabernacle in the desert and of Solomon's Temple. In the Tabernacle, gold leaf and gold casts were used, for which the gold was contributed by the Israelites: . The finest craftsmen executed the work (ibid. Solomon obtained gold for the Temple and his palace from the booty taken in King David's wars (II Sam. Ophir on Hiram's ships (I Kings 9: 2. Gold vessels of all kinds denoted wealth and nobility and were also important in ritual.
At the same time, the principal idols were made of gold and silver and the prophets inveighed against the worship of these graven images (Isa. The wealth and prestige of silver and gold in the form of property and of idols were used as symbols by the prophets: . Wealth and gifts of splendor were associated with gold: the Queen of Sheba brought Solomon . The shields of Solomon's guard were made of gold (ibid.
Ahasuerus made a great banquet for the nobility of his court, he served them from . Silver is commonly found in association with gold and copper, and sometimes with lead. 10 Best Free Dating Sites here. Silver was known to man in earliest antiquity; articles of silver have been found in Ere. Silver mines in ancient times were located in Spain, Egypt, and Anatolia. According to the Bible, silver, like other metals, was brought by Solomon from *Tarshish (II Chron.
Arabia (9: 1. 4). Silver was extracted from its ore by smelting, with the use of bellows, and the slag containing lead was separated from the silver (Jer. Job was acquainted with the technical process of extracting silver: . Ezekiel also describes the method of extracting silver and mentions slag containing bronze, iron, lead, and tin (Ezek. Because of the high value of silver, it was used as a means of payment from earliest times, in preference to gold which was extremely soft. Payment in silver took the form of bullion (.
The Temple tax was also paid in silver coins (. In the Bible the shekel designates a unit of weight (Heb. Weighing the silver was replaced by standard units of weight, which became *coins ; later the coins were counted, as, for example, .
Silver was also used for making vessels for the Tabernacle and the Temple. It was a symbol of wealth and position as in the description of the palace of Ahasuerus . The most outstanding description of a king's wealth is the chariot bought in Egypt by Solomon for 6. I Kings 1. 0: 2. 9). Job describes kings and counselors .
Among biblical figures of speech and similes based on silver is: . The smelting and refining of silver are used as symbols of the Israelites: . Trade in silver becomes a symbol of trade in general; although it is an honest trade, it is transcended by the acquisition of wisdom .
This alloy – bronze – was the most useful and important metal from the beginning of the third millennium B. C. E. Copper mines in the ancient Near East were located in Cyprus (from which the name copper is apparently derived), Sinai, and Egypt. It was the main metal extracted in Ere. Copper is usually extracted from sulfide minerals, and partly from silicates, and carbonates; very small amounts of native copper are also found.
The Arabah contains copper mines in three main centers: (1) Fayn. The copper deposits appear in the form of concentrates in the white Nubian sandstone with a base of Evronah complex formation of the Lower Cretaceous period. The concentrates are connected with the layer of fossilized trees in the sandstone and are composed mainly of sulfides, carbonates, silicates, and copper oxides. They have a high copper content which reaches as much as 3. Glueck, the first to describe these deposits in detail, attributes the beginning of copper mining and smelting activities to the Kenites, Kenizzites, and Kadmonites (Gen.
Tubal- Cain (i. e., the Kenite), the first metalsmith (ibid. In Glueck's opinion they were nomadic tribes who wandered in the Arabah and were metallurgical specialists. He also associates the Edomites with the metal industry and its trade through the Arabah and the Red Sea. The area was conquered by David, and Solomon continued to work the mines and develop international trade, mainly by way of Ezion- Geber; his metallurgical industry was located in the plain of the Jordan . Glueck suggests that copper was even exported from the Arabah by Solomon, and also that the protracted wars between Judah and Edom during the period of the Kingdom of Judah were over control of the copper mines in the Arabah.
Excavations carried out between 1. Arabah Expedition headed by B. Rothenberg concluded that the copper mines in the Timnah area are not to be attributed to the time of Solomon.
Rothenberg distinguished three periods at the site: the Chalcolithic period (fourth millennium B. C. E.), the Early Iron Age, and the Byzantine period (third–fourth centuries C. E.). Rothenberg suggests that Egyptian kings in the 1. B. C. E., and not the kings of Israel and Judah, sent mining expeditions to the Arabah, and that the copper mines and the smelting installations were operated by the Egyptians together with the Midianites, Kenites, and Amalekites. Among the finds in an Egyptian temple discovered in Timnah was a copper snake which dates it to the time of the Exodus. According to the excavator, the Kenites and the Midianites employed highly developed methods of copper production that ceased with the Israelite Conquest; only commercial activities, and not production, were undertaken in the period of the Monarchy by way of Ezion- Geber and the Red Sea to Ophir and Sheba. Rothenberg also emphasizes that a metallurgical center was located in the Succoth- Zarethan area where imported raw copper was made into finished products (I Kings 7: 4.
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